Enron An Interstate Pipeline Company - 825 Words

SECTION ONE : INTRODUCTION ENRON was established back in 1985 as an interstate pipeline company following the federal deregulation of natural gas pipelines. It was born from the merger of Houston Natural Gas and Omaha based InterNorth, a Nebraska pipeline company. Enron incurred massive debt as a result of the merger which led to it losing exclusive rights to its pipelines. Enron at this point had to come up with a new innovative business strategy in order to survive. CEO, Kenneth Lay hired services of McKinsey Co. to aid in the process of developing a business strategy. Jeffrey Skilling, a young consultant was assigned with the responsibility. Skilling proposed a revolutionary solution to convert operations from energy supply to energy trading. Enron took on the role of a ‘gas bank’ and started operations in 1989, where, it bought gas from suppliers and sold it to consumers, profiting from a fee charged for carrying out the transaction. The company flourished under the business model which impressed Lay, who then created a new division called Enron Finance Corp in 1990 and assigned Skilling to take charge of operations. Enron Finance Corp. soon dominated the market with more contacts and contracts with regard to suppliers and consumers compared to any of its competitors. In 1996, Skilling became President and COO and convinced Lay in the application of their ‘gas bank’ model in the market for trade in electrical energy as well which led to Enron’s acquisition ofShow MoreRelatedThe Collapse Of Enron And Enron1736 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Fortune used to rank Enron as the most successful business in the United States. The collapse of Enron was shocked the whole world energy trading market. It caused significant losses to investors. In this paper shows analysis reason of factors that lead to Enron demise and also lessons can be learnt from Enron case study. The approach which have used in this paper to respond, the case study question are the background of the case organization and how business structure had been use by theRead MoreEnron And The Natural Gas Industry1542 Words   |  7 PagesEnron Background: Enron, based in Houston, Texas, was founded by Kenneth Lay as an energy and pipeline company in 1985 from the merger of two natural gas pipeline companies, Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth. The impetus for Lay to start Enron was the deregulation of the natural gas market in the mid 1980’s, which relaxed the rules on natural gas prices and allowed for more flexible agreements between natural gas producers and pipeline managers. These changes essentially eliminated the practiceRead MoreEnron‚Äà ´s Demise ~ Where There Warning Signs?1408 Words   |  6 PagesBaldwin Management Decision Making-Summer 2013 C. Forest Guest July 14, 2013 Executive Summary Enron is a company which headquarters is located in Houston, Texas. Enron was first headed by Samuel F. Segnar. Enron was the result of InterNorth’s acquisition of Houston Natural Gas in 1985. Under the new terms of this acquisition, the company was headed by Kenneth Lay on the first day of 1997. Enron offered employment for 20,600 employees in four major segments over the U.S., South America. Asia,Read MoreThe Merger Between Houston Natural Gas Company1077 Words   |  5 PagesOmaha-based Northern Natural Gas Company, an interstate pipeline company formed in 1932. In 1979, the Northern Natural Gas Company merged under their holding company InterNorth. Accordingly, InterNorth branched into a more diversified energy company working in natural gas marketing, production, and transmission alongside plastics innovation and other energy-related products. In 1985, during the reorganization of the merger between Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth, the company named itself â€Å"HNG/ InterNorthRead MoreEnron s Of Houston Natural Gas And Omaha Based Inter North1347 Words   |  6 PagesEnron s origins date back to 1985 when it began life as an interstate pipeline company through the merger of Houston Natural Gas and Omaha-based Inter North. Kenneth Lay, the former chief executive officer of Houston Natural Gas, became CEO, and the next year won the post of chairman. From the pipeline sector, Enron began moving into new fields. In 1999, the company launched its broadband services unit and Enron Online, the company s website for trading commodities, which soon became the largestRead MoreAgency Theory : Relationship Between Agents And The Business Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pageslevels of risk. Enron, was the world’s largest energy company in 2001. Enron forerunner, Northern Gas Company was incorporated in Delaware on April 25, 1930. From this date through July 1985, Enron had hundreds of purchases and new sub-entity constructions when they acquired Houston Natural Gas Inc. (Kastantin, 2005). On April 10, 1986, the company changed its name to Enron Corporation. Enron was an interstate and intrastate natural gas pipeline company, then later in 1989 Enron started trading naturalRead MoreAnalyze the ethical violations of the company you researched. I’m trying to briefly analyze the1000 Words   |  4 Pagesviolations of the company you researched. I’m trying to briefly analyze the ethical violation that happened more than a decade ago with company called Enron. It was first established as an interstate pipeline company. In the following 2 decades, Enron grew with high rates and soon became one of the biggest energy traders in the world. Enron won many titles for the short period of time being a leader in electricity, natural gas and communications. Now, let’s switch to negative part of the Enron and see whatRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics1200 Words   |  5 Pagesprocedures to guide the employee to be fair and conduct business with ethical standards. In today’s business and corporate environment there are ethical company standards which all associates must follow but businesses and their representatives are not moral agents. These are two (2) of the ethics business representative follows or implement in their companies: Deontology ethics which concerned with duties and rights. Rule Utilitarian ethic which focus on the beneficial consequences of breaking the law.Read MoreOrganizational Culture : The Demise Of Enron1489 Words   |  6 Pagescorporations but some, like Enron operate parallel to the all the good they portray but in a vacuum they operate with only their selfish desires and greed. Organizational culture can be difficult to define in a sense because it’s not a palpable concept. For example , culture is more like a tradition, belief, or something cultivated; surely it can be felt, but it can’t be grasped. Thus this paper will examine the definition of organizational culture, the demise of Enron, and discuss ways the leadershipRead MoreAgency Theory And The Separation Of Ownership Between Suppliers Of Capital Within A Firm Essay2232 Words   |  9 Pageswithin firms. Enron, was the world’s largest energy company in 2001. Enron forerunner, Northern Gas Company was incorporated in Delaware on April 25, 1930. From this date through July 1985, Enron had hundreds of purchases and new sub-entity constructions when they acquired Houston Natural Gas Inc. (Kastantin, 2005). On April 10, 1986, the company changed its name to Enron Corporation. Enron was an interstate and intrastate natural gas pipeline company, then later in 1989, Enron started trading

Chem Free Essays

Organic Chemistry I Spring 2013 Practice test 1. Name the following compounds: a. 5-tert-butyl-7-isopropyl-6-sec-butyl-undecane b. We will write a custom essay sample on Chem or any similar topic only for you Order Now cis-2-(5,6-dimethylheptyl)-6-(3-methylpentyl)piperidine c. trans -2-nonyl-3-octyl-tetrahydrofuran d. trans-1,6-dimethylbicyclo[4. 3. 0]nonane e. cis-6,8-ditert-butylspiro[3. 5]nonane f. 1,6-dimethylcyclohexene g. (Z)-3-bromo-4-fluoro-5-methyl-oct-4-ene h. (E)-8-(1-chloroethyl)nonadec-8-ene 2. Draw the structures of the following compounds: a b e c f d g h 3. Draw the structure of the following compounds in Newman projections and in chair conformations: a b c d e 4. Draw the most stable isomer of 1-tert-butyl-3-methylcyclohexane. a. Which atoms/groups are i. gauche to axial hydrogen on C2 A: t-butyl, C6, methyl, C4 ii. anti to equatorial substituent on C3 A: C5, C1 b. What is the relationship between: i. tert-butyl group and equatorial hydrogen on C2 A: gauche ii. equatorial hydrogen on C4 and C6 A: anti 5. Draw all isomers of 4-tert-butyl-2-ethyl-1-methylcyclohexane (ignore mirror images) in their most stable conformations. Arrange the structures from the least stable to the most stable. 6. Cyclohexylmethanol and 1-methylcyclohexanol are converted to their corresponding bromides. Write a suitable mechanism for each reaction, and assign each the appropriate symbol (SN1 or SN2). OH O H H Br H + :Br : SN2 :Br : O H H Br + H2O OH O H Br O + H2O + :Br : SN1 :Br : Br 7. Give the structure of the principal organic product formed by photochemical bromination of methylcyclopropane, draw the mechanism of the reaction. Br2, h? h? Br Br H . .Br Br Br Br 2Br . . + HBr Br + . Br How to cite Chem, Papers

International Business Studies

Question: Discuss about the International Business Studies. Answer: The central theme of the article is innovation, knowledge and capabilities that highlights about the strategy and performance of the firm. The article examines the born-international firms that acts as early adopters of internationalization. The role of innovative culture as well as organizational capabilities is explored in this article. The observable facts related to early internationalization are also investigated along with the importance of numerous major organizational capabilities. The critical linkages among entrepreneurial orientation are also discussed that acts as major organizational capabilities in born-international global success. The article highlights that the distinguishing feature of most of the firms is their global origin that are illustrated by the global focus of the management. It also highlights the early adoption of internalization under the external global business is mostly driven by two major trends that have substantially decreased the costs of transaction of foreign market development. The major function of the internal capabilities of the firm is the capability to internationalize early and become successful in foreign markets. The article provides an overview about the fact that innovation takes place from two key sources that includes internal RD as well as simulation of the innovation of other firms. RD mostly supports the opening of new markets as well as reinvention of the functions of firms. The outcome of the managerial knowledge of the firm is their superior performance. Larger conventional firms mostly experience considerable bureaucratization that obstructs their ground-breaking acti vities. However, a negligible work has been attempted on the widespread emergence of born global (Coviello 2015). A holistic outlook of the firm is also recommended by the RBV under which the synchronized exploitation of resources and abilities provides the groundwork in order to create and market commodities. The article proposes that born global are greatly innovative organizations whose ownership of the foundational abilities of global entrepreneurial orientation and global marketing orientation provoke the expansion of a precise collection of managerial strategies. The aim of the author is to illustrate an evolutionary economics structure that illustrates strongly innovative characteristics of born-global firms. This in turn supports trade in developing a particular type of knowledge that leads to organizational development. The resource-based viewpoint highlights that the primary resources of the firm are imperative in different business environments as they offer steady basis for strategy development (Hagen and Zucchella 2014). The approach that is used for this research is mostly quantitative because; the respondent firms that illustrate a range of industries that produces several products such as medical devices and treatment of waste water. According to the research that has been conducted, the firm has 190 workers that generated more than $32 million in overall sales. It also shows that overseas customers accounts for more than 41 percent of total sales where the firms targets an average of 20 countries at the median. The author conducted an exploratory factor breakdown that is used to identify and eradicate potentially difficult items. The objective is to link innovation to the observable fact of early adoption of internationalization. However, the qualitative test of the study highlights the fact that entrepreneurs who pursue foreign ventures mostly forms born global (Knight and Cavusgil 2004). In order to provide an empirical support for the conceptual framework that is planned, the author also carried out a cross-industry field survey in order to gather primary data. A outline questionnaire was also circulated among four global trade scholars. They in turn provided commentary that led to additional modification of the instrument. The scale for global entrepreneurial orientation was based on the scale devised by the author. The article clearly states that born globals are able to develop due to leveraging quality and technical brilliance. The findings in the article are constant with the research in Australia. The writing style suits the intended audience as it written by an expert author. The author clearly stated about innovation and knowledge that acts as the central theme for the article. In the next section, the author clearly states about conceptual foundations that provides an ability to internationalize and become successful in foreign cost. The several empirical studies on the effects of the size of the firm are also demonstrated clearly. The delineation of major capabilities and linkages are also performed by the author where an in-depth interview has been conducted by taking 33 professionals into account (Gabrielsson et al., 2008). The topic sentence that is used to highlight supportive arguments is organizational routines and administrative heritage. As opined by an author the major dimension of born-global firms is they emerge to lack the extremely rooted managerial heritage. In older firms, entrenched structure tends to limit strategic choice. Earlier born globals tends toward a background and planned approaches considerably more suitable for opening in overseas markets. On the other hand, it has been argued that well-established firms have systemized routines that are expensive to alter and restrict the ability of the firm to innovate. In summary, this article provides imperative research about several contributions that includes investigation of phenomenon of early internationalization among an exclusive breed of global organization. The article also highlights about the importance of several major organizational capabilities. It illustrates the fact that globalization is linked with rising homogenization of purchaser preferences around the world. Exploratory case studies or hypothesis is mostly required to carry out a further research or discussion in the field. The exploratory case study examines several observable fact that is characterized by a lack of comprehensive initial research. It mostly involves a qualitative research that includes a case study. This is likely to provide an in-depth understanding about born-global firms by conducting interviews with managers of trades in Denmark and USA. It is then required to compare the born globals of the US and Danish in order to elucidate major divergences. References Coviello, N., 2015. Re-thinking research on born globals.Journal of International Business Studies,46(1), pp.17-26. Economist.com .2017.,[online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21715653-biggest-business-idea-past-three-decades-deep-trouble-retreat-global [Accessed 24 Mar. 2017]. Gabrielsson, M., Kirpalani, V., Dimitratos, P., Solberg, C. and Zucchella, A. (2008). Born globals: Propositions to help advance the theory.International Business Review, 17(4), pp.385-401. Hagen, B. and Zucchella, A., 2014. Born global or born to run? The long-term growth of born global firms.Management International Review,54(4), pp.497-525. Knight, G.A. and Cavusgil, S.T., 2004. Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born-global firm.Journal of international business studies,35(2), pp.124-141.